EVOLUTION OF THE SENTIENT HUMAN: THE PROVING GROUND FOR THE FOURTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

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EVOLUTION OF THE SENTIENT HUMAN: THE PROVING GROUND FOR THE FOURTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:

-Molecular considerations through application of Darwinian precepts and defensive design to provide a theoretical model towards new insights into the evolution and origin of the human species

INTRODUCTION

“The perversity of the Universe tends towards a maximum state of entropy”

-John Campbell

 The First Law of Thermodynamics provides the basic definition of thermodynamic energy, also called internal energy, associated with all thermodynamic systems. This is the general Law of Conservation Of Energy in nature.

“… The total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but (it) cannot be created nor destroyed. “

Where  dU = Q – W, and  dU is the change in internal energy, and  is the change in internal energy, and  Q is the amount of energy supplied by the environment and W is the amount of work actually done. However, we know by observation that natural processes have a preferred direction of progress.

The Zen of Thermodynamic Theory states it succinctly,   “It just is:.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states

“..  The entropy of an isolated system never decreases; such systems spontaneously evolve towards thermodynamic equilibrium, the configuration with maximum entropy.

Humans have multiple areas of contact with its environment.

Thus, for a suitable fictive quasi-static transfer, one can write:

As the second law of thermodynamics clarified the , the fourth law of thermodynamics refers any of a number of various hypothetical or postulated statements regarding energy, matter, temperature, time, or power principles in nature.

The Third Law Of Thermodynamics is sometimes stated as follows, regarding the properties of systems in equilibrium at absolute zero temperature:

At 0 degrees Kelvin (-273 F),Entropy = 0. This is because a system at zero temperature exists in its ground state, so that its entropy is determined only by the degeneracy of the ground state. Next 

OVERVIEW: Historically Relevant  Fourth Law of Thermodynamics Thought 

In the history of thermodynamics, there have been dozens of various supposed “fourth laws”. Recently stated can variations of the fourth laws often have reference to evolution, in such a way that they

“…reconcile the increasing entropy tendencies of the second law.”

In 1862,  German physicist Rudolf Clausius, defined the thermodynamic  property Entropy as the energy equivalence-value of the transformation of a working body of “any” physical body (typically a volume of atoms and or molecules) during a change state due to the action of the passage of heat into or out of the body, across its boundary, quantified by the value:

Where Q is an inexact differential quantity of heat at an absolute temperature T  that is produced from work due to the forces exerted by the constituent molecules of the body in question upon each other.

THE FOURTH LAWOF THEMODYAMICS AND EVOLUTION OF THE SENTIENT HUMAN SPECIES:  HUMAN ENTROPY

The conception of the possession of an entropy value of individual person or human molecule or species of human molecules at a specific reference point in time is what is referred to as “human entropy”. In human systems, the definition of entropy is the same with the translation that the “working body” is defined such that instead of water molecules, confined to the internal regions of a steam engine, put in alternating contact with a hot body (a fire) and a cold body (cool water), driven to do mechanical work (push a piston), we have human molecules, confined to the internal regions of various regions of social systems, put in alternating contact with a hot body (the day sun) and a cold body (the cool night sky), driven to do the daily work of life, e.g. economic work, social work, volunteer work, household work, parenting work, territorial expansion work, interpersonal work, relationship work, etc. [Thims, Libb. (2007). Human Chemistry (Volume One), (preview). Morrisville, NC: LuLu.]

The human species is dynamic, creative, reasoning and animated in its behavior. The evolutionary behavior surprisingly injects subtle yet progressive influence of entropy best seen in inanimate objects.

“The first mention of the idea of a ‘fourth law’ of thermodynamics seems to have occurred in the 1930s lectures of German chemist Walther Nernst, formulator of the third law. Specifically, at the end of a 1937 lecture at Oxford University, remembered vividly by English physical chemist Keith Laidler, Nernst commented that it took three people to formulate the first law, two for the second, but that he had been obliged to do the third all by himself; hence, by extrapolation, there could never be a fourth law.

As mentioned earlier, the Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system never decreases, because isolated systems always evolve toward thermodynamic equilibrium, a state with maximum entropy. 

SHANNON STATISTICAL ENTROPY PROVIDES THE CONSTANT FOR THE FOURTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS WITH RESPECT TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE SENTIENT HUMAN 

In statistical thermodynamics, the second law is a consequence of unitarity in quantum mechanics and as such, provides a backdrop in our understanding of Shannon entropy as it relates to the number of alternative and frequently microscopic configurations affecting the evolution of the human species. In Shannon entropy, H, is given by the formula 

Where   is the probability of character number i showing up in a stream of characters of the given “script”.

A Zen moment with Mr. Natural.

A “script” is any behavior, that is repetitively performed as a response to any event, particularly an Event of Adverse Outcome (EAO) ” without consideration of causality or modification as in an “all or nothing response’.

Another Zen moment with Mr. Natural to remind each other it’s never to late to start not taking ourselves too seriously.

 O’TOOLE’S COROLLARY: A NECESSARY COMPONENT TO ACCURATELY CALCULATING SHANNON ENTROPY WITHIN THE FOURTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND EVOLUTION.

O’Toole’s Corollary has best been described of as “ an  ad hoc multiplicative or additive term in an equation which can only be justified by the fact that it “gives more correct results” and reduces the magnitude of the effect of repetitive adverse outcomes” in accordance with the General Laws of Science and Engineering (Reilly), Augustus De Morgan’s time honored Scientific Process Theorem, the multiple applications of  Finagle’s Laws of Dynamic Negatives that characterizes the O’Toole Corollary as the  “Defensive Design model “ of the new millennium. Wherein,

Fundamental concept of the fourth Law of Thermodynamics

In solving for fourth law of thermodynamics constant variables which lead to our current concept in the Evolution of the Sentient Human.

The  O’Toole Corollary is the variable constant representing the Shannon entropy. H, and provides the glue that clarifies and removes the shroud of mystery surrounding the evolution of the sentient human species.

Throughout history, some of the greatest minds have required that defining variable in the proving ground of some of the most world renowned laws and as a means to readily explain a phenomenon that has defied some of the bravest and innovative scientific minds.  There are a multitude of necessary variations and numeric equivalents of O’Toole’s Corollary, ,

 

CARNOT’S THEOREM

is a principle based upon established principle that limits the maximum  efficiency for any possible dynamic which states;

• All irreversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are less efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs.
• All reversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are equally efficient with a Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs.

 In balanced dynamic processes, ordinarily we find that 

The efficiency of that object solely depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold thermal reservoirs. In his ideal model, the heat converted into work could be reinstated by reversing the motion of the cycle, a concept subsequently known as thermodynamic reversibility.

Cannot’s Theorem (2014):  Modification and Applicability of the Carnot Theorem to Humans (published ahead of print and peer-review)

Cannot’s Theorem (2014) evaluated the ability of the human species to respond and recover from stress (Event of Adverse Outcomes) efficiently and reversibly. Heat engines in humans can be analyzed quantified  bu representative correlates  the differences in human correlates of hot and cold, also referred to as “Yin”   and “Yang” and represented in mathematical terms by the more common references to Yin and Yang in that now,

 respectively, states that a balanced equilibrium in a single individual  is represented the equation

Throughout the history of human evolution, thermodynamic reversibility has essentially been suppressed by adaptation and defensive design.  Carnot’s Theorem, therefore, cannot apply to the human species because humans, through evolution and adaptive responses, appear to have lost the capacity of thermodynamic reversibility as a single Carnot engine but instead transfer the energy through defensive design and  transferable irreversibility.

 

Cannot’s Theorem of Defensive Design modifies Carnot’s ideal model system by the following:

Human modeling studies have consistently shown in validated, comparative behavior evolution tests of Psychometric Phenotypes (Chortle, et al, 2013; PPAnal®: Preferences and Predictability Patterns in OCD;  Brown-25 (Uranus), Inc.)  show that humans, as a species , have clearly been suppressing the  capacity for  thermodynamic reversibility behavior patterns in response to stress and minor life events for at least 40 years. The trend began in early 1980 as the Generation Me group attained adulthood.

• Humans use repetitive engagement in learning new behaviors particularly with Predictors of Adverse Outcome scores. These repetitive patterns do not appear to demonstrate any reversibility over time as evidenced by the 2-3 fold consistently high scores
• Humans prefer to release/transfer the excess stored energy acquired during an Event of Adverse Outcome between different heat reservoirs, usually an interacting human directly or indirectly associated with the Adverse Outcome Event.
• The inefficiency demonstrated by this thermodynamic irreversibility and transference is clearly shown in all reports of Psychometric Phenotype Analysis
• All irreversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs (transference) are less efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs.
• Humans show no equally efficiency acting as a presumptive Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs (Events of Adverse Outcome)

Human demonstrations of indifference to repetition (HRE’s) in every category of response to Event of Adverse outcome is not within the range of the calculated   . That discrepancy seen between subjective and objective subsections of the PPAnal® Psychometric Phenotype Analysis Tests (Brown-25 project; Uranus Corp. 2013) can be accounted for by the addition of

Recent Whole Genome  Association Studies (WGAS) obtained from by permission from the Personal Genomee Project shows the presence of both YIN242 and constant 242YANG regions;   however, comparative genomes from both regions (National Center for Biotechnology Information 

(NCBI);’ 1997-2008) show that, since 2008, both regions are increasingly characterized by diminishing numbers of repeats in both the  5’ and 3’ directions. Laboratory studies, however, in both quiet and stress states, these recent studies have consistently failed to demonstrable the presence of either the Yin protein or Yang protein or its precursor, ZEN346 using standard methodology.  

PSYCHOMETRIC PHENOTYPE ANALYSIS-RESULTS

The Psychometric Phenotype Analysis Test (PPAnal® [Hansel, JA, and Gretel, YA. The Brown-25 Project, Uranus Corporation; 2013) was administered retrospectively to 75% of all participants with sequences to evaluate for the predominance of either the Yin (Y < 0) or Yang (Y < 0) behavioral Phenotypes. Ordinarily in reversible Carnot engines/objects,

and in humans;

However, in nearly all cases,

A greater than 2 fold predominance of the Yang behavioral phenotype over the Yin phenotype that was constant over 2 years demonstrating irreversibility and directly correlated with biochemical studies reporting minimal to no demonstrable evidence for expression of either the Yin or Yang proteins or Zen precursor proteins. Further studies of active targeting by SUMO for degradation are currently being evaluated at our institution.  “Normalization” of the objective/subjective discrepancy was provided by the numeric deviaton of O’Toole’s Corollary, to complete the application of the Fourth Law of Thermodynamics to explain the previously unknown evolution of the Sentient Human Species, wherein:

In order to apply the necessary modification to answer the fourth law of thermodynamics

question,  

, the following equation is required, if 

BIOINFORMATICS/PROTEOMIC MODELING STUDIES

3D models of the Yin and Yang proteins were generated from concensus amino acid sequences aligned using the T-Coffee algorithm within Jalview. The FASTA concensus was used to generate the 3D models of the individual, unbound proteins as well as the unique “inverted comma” docking pattern in Yin-Yang associations using the Modeler (Zhang Lab) program in UCSF Chimera.

The available, previously published, Yin (2YiN|Chain A) and Yang (2YNG|Chain A) pdb files were downloaded from the internet (Protein Data Bank, http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do)

TABLE 1. THE LAWS OF INACCURATE PERCEPTION

THE TWELVE LAWS OF INACCURATE PERCEPTION
Reference	Quotable Statute	Author	Year	Citations	Collectables
FINAGLE’S LAW (OF DYNAMIC NEGATIVES)	“Anything that can go wrong, will”	Francis P. Chisholm		“The Chisholm Effect” ; A Stress Analysis Of A Strapless Evening Gown: And Other Essays For A Scientific Eye,
DeMORGAN’S SCIENTIFIC PROCESS THEOREM	“The first experiment already illustrates a truth of the theory, well confirmed by practice, what-ever can happen will happen if we make trials enough.”	Augustus DeMorgan	June 23, 1866
FIRST LAW OF STAGE MAGIC	It is an experience common to all men to find that, on any special occasion, such as the production of a magical effect for the first time in public, everything that can go wrong will go wrong. Whether we must attribute this to the malignity of matter or to the total depravity of inanimate things, whether the exciting cause is hurry, worry, or what not, the fact remains.	Nevil Maskelyne	1908
SOD’S LAW	‘If anything can go wrong, it will”.  “Sod’s Law… is the force in nature which causes it to rain mostly at weekends, which makes you get flu when you are on holiday, and which makes the phone ring just as you’ve got into the bath.	Some old “sod”			The reason “Due Diligence’ is law Sod’s Law is the polar opposite of “Due Diligence”. If you do not make sure 100% that you have covered all your bases something will go wrong.
ANCIENT MOUNTAINEERING ADAGE	Anything that can possibly go wrong, does	John Sack	1952
REILLY’S LAW	in any scientific or engineering endeavor, anything that can go wrong will go wrong”
STRAUSS’ LAW	“I hope it will be known as Strauss’ law. It could be stated about like this: If anything bad can happen, it probably will.	Atomic Energy Commission Chairman Lewis Strauss	Chicago Tribune; February 12, 1955
THE FIRST COROLLARY TO SOD’S LAW	Anything that is to go wrong will do so at the worst possible moment.
HOWE’S LAW	Every man has a scheme which will not work
Hanlon’s Razor	Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately explained by stupidity
Occam’s Raxzor	“The one with the fewest assumptions should be selected.” Or Keep it Simple, Syupid
LOGIC OF EMPIRE (1941)	“You have attributed conditions to villainy that simply result from stupidity.”	Robert A. Heinlein; see Hanlon’s Razor
O’TOOLE’S COROLLARY ( )	“The perversity of the Universe tends towards a maximum”
HE UNSPEAKABLE LAW	As soon as you mention something, if it’s good, it goes away; if it’s bad, it happens.
NON-RECIPROCAL LAWS OF EXPECTATIONS.	Negative expectations yield negative results. Positive expectations yield negative results.
ZYMURGY’S FIRST LAW OF EVOLVING SYSTEM DYNAMICS.	Once you open a can of worms, the only way to re-can them is to use a larger can.
SKINNER’S CONSTANT	The quantity which must be multiplied by, divided by, added to or subtracted from the answer you get to give the answer you should have got
LAW OF SELECTIVE GRAVITY	An object will fall so as to do the most damage
JENNING’S COROLLARY	The chance of the bread falling with the buttered side down is directly proportional to the cost of the carpet.
BARTH’S DISTINCTION	There are two types of people: those who divide people into two types and those who do not
FARBER’S RULE	Necessity is the mother of strange bedfellows
MURPHY’S LAW (1930)	“If an aircraft fitter on one of our carriers can re-install a serviced component wrongly, then one day he will.”	Commander J. Murphy USN			Commander J. Murphy USN was a procurement officer for the US Navy in the 1930’s. He was in charge of the procurement of aircraft. When monitoring the design and development of new aircraft, he tried to instill simplicity of maintenance into the likes of Douglas and Grumman. Apparently one of his most belabored expressions was:
NINETY-NINETY RULE OF PROJECT SCHEDULES	The first 90% of the job takes 90% of the time, the last 10% takes the other 90%.
MURPHY’S LAW	If there are two or more ways to do something, and one of those ways can result in a catastrophe, then someone will do it.” “Whatever can go wrong, will go wrong)”	Edward A. Murphy, Jr	USAF project MX981, 1949		Edward A. Murphy, Jr. was one of McDonnell-Douglas’s test engineers on the rocket-sled experiments that were done by the U.S. Air Force in 1949 to test human acceleration tolerances (USAF project MX981). One experiment involved a set of 16 accelerometers mounted to different parts of the subject’s body. There were two ways each sensor could be glued to its mount, and somebody methodically installed all 16 in a replacement set the wrong way around. Murphy then made the original form of his pronouncement, which the test subject (Major John Paul Stapp) mis-quoted (apparently in the more general form at a news conference a few days later.
Defensive Design; Defensive Programming	Defensive programming is a form of defensive design intended to ensure the continuing function of a piece of software under unforeseen circumstances. The idea can be viewed as reducing or eliminating the prospect of Finagle’s Law having effect. Defensive programming techniques are used especially when a piece of software could be misused.

And that is the rest of the story…

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